Historic Ocean Protection Agreement Moves Forward
Negotiators from over 100 countries are gathering in New York this week for the second session of the Preparatory Commission for the BBNJ Agreement. This landmark treaty, formally known as the Agreement under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biological Diversity of Areas beyond National Jurisdiction, represents the most significant international marine conservation effort in decades.
The High Seas Dilemma
Areas beyond national jurisdiction cover nearly two-thirds of the world's oceans yet remain largely unprotected. These international waters face mounting threats from deep-sea mining, overfishing, plastic pollution, and climate change impacts. Until now, no comprehensive legal framework existed to safeguard biodiversity in these regions.
Four Pillars of the BBNJ Agreement
The treaty addresses four critical components of ocean governance:
1. Marine Genetic Resources
The agreement establishes a framework for fair sharing of benefits from marine genetic discoveries, ensuring developing nations receive compensation for pharmaceutical and biotech innovations derived from ocean resources. This includes digital sequence information from deep-sea organisms.
2. Area-Based Management Tools
For the first time, the treaty enables creating marine protected areas (MPAs) in international waters. This mechanism is crucial for achieving the global "30 by 30" target - protecting 30% of oceans by 2030. The first proposed MPAs could cover biodiversity hotspots in the Sargasso Sea and Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
3. Environmental Impact Assessments
Mandatory assessments will be required for activities like deep-sea mining and large-scale fishing operations. The treaty creates standardized global rules rather than the current patchwork of national regulations. Recent studies show these assessments could prevent irreversible damage to hydrothermal vent ecosystems.
4. Capacity Building & Technology Transfer
The agreement includes provisions to help developing nations participate in ocean research and conservation. The EU has pledged €40 million through its Global Ocean Trust Fund to support monitoring and enforcement capabilities.
Path to Ratification
Since its adoption on June 19, 2023, 72 nations have signed the agreement. As of August 2025, 45 countries have completed ratification - 15 short of the 60 needed for implementation. A special treaty event during June's UN Ocean Conference in Nice saw seven new ratifications, including Chile and Portugal.
"We're witnessing unprecedented momentum," said Rena Lee, President of the Intergovernmental Conference. "The recent ratifications by small island nations demonstrate how seriously coastal communities take this existential threat to marine ecosystems."
Implementation Challenges
The Preparatory Commission faces complex tasks before the treaty becomes operational:
- Establishing the Conference of Parties governance structure
- Developing the Clearing-House Mechanism for data sharing
- Creating scientific advisory bodies
- Designing the equitable benefit-sharing system
Environmental groups emphasize urgency. "Every month of delay means more destruction of irreplaceable deep-sea habitats," warned Maxine Waters of Ocean Conservancy. "We need this treaty in force before deep-sea mining operations expand."
With the next major UN Ocean Conference scheduled for 2025, negotiators aim to secure the remaining ratifications and establish the first high-seas marine protected areas by early 2026.