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Water Sharing Issues Worsen Political Tensions Between Nuclear Neighbors
The longstanding tensions between India and Pakistan have escalated further due to disputes over water sharing, particularly concerning the Indus Waters Treaty (IWT). The treaty, signed in 1960 and brokered by the World Bank, governs the distribution of water from the Indus River and its tributaries between the two nations. However, recent events have strained this fragile agreement, raising concerns about regional stability.
Background of the Indus Waters Treaty
The IWT allocates the three western rivers—Indus, Jhelum, and Chenab—to Pakistan, while the three eastern rivers—Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej—are allocated to India. The treaty has been hailed as one of the most successful water-sharing agreements globally, despite occasional disputes. However, the suspension of the treaty by India in April 2025, following the Pahalgam terrorist attack, has brought the issue to the forefront.
Recent Developments
India accused Pakistan of supporting cross-border terrorism and suspended the IWT, citing national security concerns. Pakistan, in turn, warned that any disruption to its water supply would be considered an act of war. The situation has been further complicated by reports of India releasing water from the Uri Dam into the Jhelum River, causing flooding in Pakistan-administered Kashmir.
Regional Implications
The water dispute has broader geopolitical ramifications. Pakistan relies heavily on the Indus River for agriculture, drinking water, and hydropower. Any significant disruption could destabilize the country, which is already grappling with economic and political challenges. Meanwhile, India's upstream position gives it leverage, but its actions could set a precedent for China, which controls the headwaters of several major rivers flowing into India.
International Reactions
The United Nations has urged both countries to exercise restraint and resolve the issue diplomatically. Iran has offered to mediate, while the U.S. has issued travel advisories for the region. The crisis underscores the fragile nature of water-sharing agreements in conflict-prone regions.
